The Subjective Method carried to its extreme results in Philosophy again separates itself from Theology, and seeks the State of Learning in Andalusia in the Tenth Century
PAGE Duration of the Transition Period - Its peculiar character - Struggle Philosophy struggles to emancipate itself from Theology, and at the close of the Middle Ages finally succeeds. SEASIDE STUDIES at ILFRACOMBE, TENBY, the
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Full text of volume 2, 3d editionĪRISTOTLE : a Chapter from the History of Science, includingĪnalyses of Aristotle's Scientific Writings. The History of Philosophy (1859) is a book by George Henry Lewes. He did so not convinced that they were errors, but convinced that the people of Reims thought so, and thinking so were ready to massacre him."- The History of Philosophy from Thales to Comte (1859) by George Henry Lewes
Roscellinus was summoned to appear before the council, and publicly abjure his errors (1093). That such a conclusion should startle the world, and call forth the thunders of the Church, will surprise no one. Roscellinus, with un hesitating logic, showed that the three persons of the Trinity were incompatible with the unity of real existences : either the three persons existed separately and individually, and were one only in name, having a common resemblance of nature or else the three persons form but one God in which case God exists alone, without distinction of persons. Those who believed with Plato, that general terms had correspondent objective existence, might have more readily listened to the Aristotelian refutation, and the more willingly acquiesced in the logic of Roscellinus, which reduced general terms to mere names, had there not been a vista of heresy in this argument.
Unless he did overlook this, the modification of Nominalism which Abelard introduced, and which has since been known as the third opinion on the question, and named Conceptualism (a purely verbal modification), is a mere subterfuge. When I say that Roscellinus may have held the opinion attributed to him I wish to be understood as speaking doubtfully, because although it seems almost inconceivable that an acute mind could believe in so crude an opinion, which implies that names are mere breath, flatus vocis, and not also signs of ideas and this difficulty is heightened by the fact that we have not his words whereby to judge him, but only the language adversaries put into his mouth nevertheless, the history of Philosophy abounds in instances of even acute minds being thoroughly subjugated by verbal distinctions, and it is quite possible that Roscellinus, in seeing the error of Realism, saw nothing more than names in general terms, and overlooked the fact that these names stood for general ideas. " Roscellinus, whose name has descended to us as the first advocate and martyr of Nominalism, but of whose opinions we have only the reports of adversaries, may have held the extreme opinion, which is attributed to him, namely, that Universals were only names he certainly denied their objective existence, denied that there existed a thing 'colour', apart from coloured things, a thing, animal, apart from animals, and denied that there was any real existence which was not an individual.
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